HYPOTHESES IN PASSING, AUTHORIZED BY THE MODEL

 

        On the Origin :

This paragraph appeared in this site dated 15th March 2005. Removed because too conjectural, I put it back in its place, slightly modified; the described process does not seem to be so eccentric. (ref 52)

Will the theologians of the religions with mysteries have to add to their lists the mystery of the Big bang, version 1.0, which reminds that of the Immaculate Conception? This singularity, only inferred and only by the cosmological model, leads ineluctably in the quantum world, where its relevance is not proven. How to not come up against the Planck's wall? It is an image.

The history of Science shows us that we must be wary of our natural tendency to transcendence. Vacuum energy, dark matter, dark energy, matter density (=1 or ~1?), these current questions do not allow to privilege any assumption. Among them, let us consider, for example, the "bouncing" world I prefer. Let us imagine that our Universe previously underwent a Big Crunch. At the end of its contraction it would have rebounded before the wall of Planck, remaining on the comfortable side.

Thus, our history would begin by a (thermodynamic) System Zero and at a Time Zero undoubtedly more accessible to research, not at a vaguely asymptotic point, hard to be renormalized.

With the theologians the gloss on the Primary Atom of abbot G. Lemaître, with the cosmologists the speculations on System Zero.

Let us dare another image: in its preceding stage, a surface of balloon that deflates represents the Universe. The Charge-Parity-Time (CPT) parameters would inversed and our physical laws would already apply, but to a world of antiparticles. These antiparticles would be transformed in particles at the inversion Time Zero. For this reason few antiparticles exist in our world. Yes, problem is only pushed back, but isn't what is usually done? Of course Fuzzy Entropy would decrease in the phase of contraction.

In brief:

    • the enigma of the isothermy of the fossil radiation would be explained; granularities (of dark matter?) put aside, the almost isotropy and the almost isothermy of the anti-Universe in final phase have no reason to be modified with the birth of our Universe,
    • the quantum origin of the mysterious microwaves fluctuations of the cosmic background noise is not proven; if the anti-Universe contraction ceased before a complete mixing, these fluctuations could be a trace of our Universe in its Big Crunch final phase. According to the principle of P. Curie, the symmetry elements of the causes of a physical phenomenon must been found in the produced effects. The causes of contraction or expansion remain hypothetical, but not the symmetry elements; imagination is bubbling if the images of Cobe were photographs of our anti-Universe,
    • assumption that is not incompatible with the current results of the research in the quantum field.

Then, the option of a world eternal in the past is not closed, which makes possible to do without a scientifically awkward Creation during some billions of years. Did F. Hoyle consider this assumption? Today, it will please the Buddhists and displease where a majority inherited the other option.

 

        On universal Fuzzy Entropy :

Entropy, a mathematical being that has many difficulties of becoming a physical being.

However since 1949, L. Onsager shows that, in a particular heterogeneous medium laid in an experiment enclosure, the Entropy reduction due to the spontaneous tidying of a fraction of the system is more than compensated by an increase in Entropy elsewhere. Catalysis of Entropy in the reference of the laboratory?

In 1950, Th. Gold  sees the increment of the Entropy in the increase in free volume, due to the expansion of the Universe. (ref 12)       

Since then, the phenomenon was theorized. (ref 8) It is called Depletion Attraction in physical chemistry and Macromolecular Accumulation in biology.

For the quanta specialists today, to speak in terms of particles is obsolete.(ref 72)

Let us continue however.

Experimenters reversed the proposal by saying that Entropy can create order. (ref 11:  Entropy driven ...)

 

How not to be tempted to imagine a link between two phenomena, the indefinite increase in Entropy and the indefinite expansion of the Universe ?

     1.     Let us develop this idea by conjecturing that the Total Fuzzy Entropy grows when producing mass by transforming Free energy into Binding Energy. And this, at each birth of a system or each internal reduction of its Fuzzy Entropy: quark, atom, molecule, ..., star, black  hole, wall of galaxies.

For example, must we see a relationship between a brutal primitive inflation and the enormous Binding Energy required by the quarks appearance, 10 -34 second after the Big-bang?

Then, "At this age of one hundred thousandths of second (10 -5 second), the Universe that extends and cools at a phenomenal speed is not enough dense to manage to fill the space of nuclear matter: the quarks and their antiparticles, the anti-quarks, must thus choose to take refuge in a nucleon and to let the place to the vacuum".(ref 103)

So pointing out the seminal work of L Onsager, was the low internal relative Fuzzy Entropy of this primary soup of particles overcompensated, during its formation, by a strong external production of Fuzzy Entropy?

Three hundred and thousand years after the Big-bang, an inflation of less width certainly occurred when the free electrons bound to the nuclei to form atoms.

 

But this mode of production weakened. The currently almost stable organization of the Universe is showing that the current acceleration of the expansion requires a complementary assumption.

     2.     The vacuum is swarming with evanescent virtual particles, coming from nowhere; that opens up horizons. Then, we must admit that our Universe is not an isolated thermodynamic system, which is proved by the Casimir effect, and that these pairs of transient particle-antiparticle belong temporarly to our world.

Let us make the assumption of a scalar Field, which would give to each point of the space a value of Fuzzy Entropy.

Let us suppose that one of these pairs of particles has the necessary characteristics to an interaction with the Field of Fuzzy Entropy. Two proposals are conceivable:

    • Fuzzy Entropy “force” would "order" this alien pair during its short existence at home,
    • or Fuzzy Entropy force would reject it towards external darkness.

With production of a quantum of Fuzzy Entropy? (ref 20)

Conjectures 1. and 2. joined together, free energy conversion into binding energy and arrangement of virtual particles, would constitute an acceptable model of the Universe expansion: Fuzzy Entropy, growing continuously, would dilate the space-time co-ordinates and cause the currently accelerated expansion of the Universe. (ref 18 - 21)

In dimensional analysis, something like:

          r 2 t -2 ~  κ m -1 zS

    (r length, t time, κ coefficient, m mass, zS Fuzzy Entropy, with temperature T(K) considered dimensionless)

  • The formula distinguishes time from the other dimensions, (ref 93)
  • Although put in the same category as the energies, the Fuzzy Entropy is not an energy; no need to turn to the vacuum energy, (ref 72)
  • This quantum phenomenon has a cosmic consequence. (ref 94)

Let us forget  that perhaps in the future a machine will use the Casimir effect; let us admit the energy E of the Universe like a constant

                           r 2 t -2   ~  μ  zS                                      with   μ  =  κ E-1  c²

In short, would the Clausius Entropy be a good candidate for cosmologists, which must face a singular repulsive force?

 

In the Einsteinium model the mass would curve the space-time. In the model of Fuzzy Entropy, would Fuzzy Entropy Catalysis correspond to a curvature of the Fuzzy Entropic Field?

By the Fuzzy Entropy, will we model a link between quantum theory and relativity? 

Will the model of an "entropyon" become a necessary hypothesis? like the graviton became.

Will this model mitigate the difficulties of the cosmological constant or of the quintessence? (ref 22)

 

         On the planets of the Solar system:

Little after their formation, Mercury, Venus and Mars had periods of strong production of Fuzzy Entropy, their liquid core giving intense volcanic bursts. In the absence of plate tectonics, various gases were ejected in space:

  • increased by the proximity of the Sun, the ejection was total for Mercury and its current atmosphere is almost non-existent,
  • Venus lost its hydrogen and oxygen after dissociation of its water,
  • Mars lost most of its water and of its carbon dioxide ; yet, perhaps we will find there the confirmation of the ubiquity of the life,
  • the giant planets are Fuzzy Entropy Catalysts, which return in space more than energy they receive from the sun.

For the Earth, the plate tectonics would have avoided the violent periods of the telluric planets. A magmatic pocket, under gas over pressure, ejects its lava to the surface of a planet by vents. On Venus and Mars the vents remained active over long periods, with for consequences some lava flows of several thousands of kilometers on Venus, the growth of a gigantic volcano on Mars. On the Earth the displacement of the plates cut these vents, that would have put our planet late in its energy dissipation and its Fuzzy Entropy production, and would have enabled it to preserve an enormous water mass.

One of the heroes of the film "Jurassic park" of S. Spielberg supported that the Life always finds a path. Paraphrasing this reflection, let us say that an Entropic Field found another way of production of Fuzzy Entropy for the Earth: the Life.

How will we react if the Life, which attacked successfully the lode of Fuzzy Entropy that are the fossil energies, plays fully its role and strongly increases the planet temperature?

To date, Man intervened in the chain by converting this free energy to his profit. Through inadvertence, we were already the detonator of brutal processes from which we did not draw any benefit, avalanches, landslides caused by deforestation, fires of oil well. But the giant and uncontrolled fires of coal veins, at Centralia in USA since 1962, (ref 125), in China, in the Indies, indicate that by us the planet crossed a new stage in its production of Fuzzy Entropy.

        On our Earth-Moon system:

    Any massive heavenly object, planet, star, black hole, galaxy, cloud of gas, produce Fuzzy Entropy. More, by the Newtonian gravity, to each one of these massive bodies corresponds a focal domain. At a cosmological scale of time, the objects passing in this focal domain have a larger probability to collide or to strike a massive one. Thus, they produce an addition of Fuzzy Entropy. The phenomenon is obvious on the Moon, clearly in the focal domain of the Earth; its visible side is more marked than the other by impacts of big meteorites. Reciprocally, the Earth is in the focal domain of the Moon, even if the probability density of collisions is lower taking into account the respective masses. Let us recall that tons of dusts fall daily on the Earth and Moon.

    Feedback "human Fuzzy Entropy Catalyst - Planet" remained less and less assumptions. For example, the production of negative calories would involve more calories in the atmosphere, trend aggravated by the greenhouse effect due to gas effluents. The plausible increase in the Earth temperature would require an increasing production of negative calories ... with a positive feedback. The return of a process to the state of initial balance requires a negative feedback.

    A hurricane can be seen as a relaxation system, which would suddenly transfer a fraction from sea calories towards the ground. If the Atlantic cyclones, like Katrina or Wilma, are more powerful than a few decades ago, this extra energy makes plausible a human participation in the global warming.

    In this case, isn't a feedback "human Fuzzy Entropy Catalyst - Planet" convincing?

    • high temperature of surface water in the North Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico,
    • a strong vertical temperature gradient of surface water on a vast maritime zone creates a cyclonic heat engine,
    • on the coast of the more developed country of the planet, prevention is insufficient in spite of announced disaster, what will not astonish the reader of this study: constructions authorized in a near future flooded zones, too low levies, too weak pumps ; installations of water, electricity, telephone, signs and markings badly adapted and protected, (ref 48)
    • a powerful cyclone damages infrastructures. Populations are suffering,
    • investors came running to relieve these sufferings and put enticing prospects in concrete form. (ref 49) Joined to the rise of the interest rates and price of energy, like to the attacks in the subway of London, Katrina will contribute to the Christmas bonuses of Wall Street financial bankers and managers. (ref 54)
    • more investments are needed for the rebuilding, which consumes a lot of energy and generates greenhouse gas,
    • extra heat and greenhouse effect of the rebuilding are taking part in anthropogenic rise of Earth atmospheric temperature,
    • atmosphere contributes to the global warming of the oceans surface water, and of the North Atlantic surface water. So we come full circle.

    When Aral sea was drying out, another planetary event, the positive feedback "irrigation of increasing surfaces of cotton fields - lowering of sea level" was quasi instantaneous. Though very foreseeable, disaster happened, and now process is difficult to quantify.

    In Louisiana, like some cases quoted in "Obviousness", human Catalysis of Fuzzy Entropy was differed. It becomes obvious, and perhaps calculable, if you weight the Fuzzy Entropy which was not created for the safeguarding of infrastructures against that necessary to the rebuilding. A monetary indication of some ten billion dollars which were not raised for the prevention, against two hundred billion dollars to find for the rebuilding.

    N.B : the recent choice to assign large funds to a task force and nothing for the protection of the coastal national populations, did not cause a political earthquake. The stricken inhabitants seem to have admitted the need for at first reducing the dissidents in a remote colony. An oil-producing country? Yes. Even people, which did not have a car to flee from flood, knew that God, who often blesses America, cannot tolerate a price of nearly $3 for a gallon.

     

        On the Life :

    As conjectured in the page "Definitions", would the life be a consequence of the Galilean gravity, the Fuzzy Entropic "gravity" and its bounded "well", the Catalysis of Entropy? Would inevitable physicochemical sequences in a changing, uncertain, dangerous environment involve necessarily the production of innumerable species, which would then undergo the constraints by test-error of the classic Darwinian process? An example of deterministic chaos?

    Did J. Monod have a presentiment of this events course when he spoke about the chance and the necessity?

    Would an arrow of Fuzzy Entropy, parallel with the time arrow, show the direction of the most effective Catalysis of Fuzzy Entropy? See the curves of the final summary.

    If we admit that it is there an acceptable model, the Evolution has at last an engine. It completes a Darwinian strictly random process, which contradictory statistical estimates make doubtful. At random and in only four billion years, the unfolding of these astonishing events, successive and repetitive, appears even highly improbable.

    “The very first genomes of the evolution history, already contained genes necessary to the construction of more sophisticated creatures, appeared thereafter.” (ref. ?)

    Three interpretations are possible:

      • well, here is the proof of an intelligent design,
      • these "historical" genes appeared by chance; by chance they survived the internal and external Darwinian constraints imposed on their successive carrying species ; how long thousand monkeys typing randomly on thousand keyboards ...? Question: what is typing in the alive world?
      • these historical genes appeared by chance; they are preserved when the Field of Fuzzy Entropy gravity is sifting their carrying species through interns and external Darwinian constraints, tending to preserve the most effective Fuzzy Entropy Catalysts.

    Having believed in an absolute determinism, then in an absolute chance, the biologists will have to admit a chance directed by the Fuzzy Entropy.

    The emergence of Catalysts of Entropy, increasingly more effective, brings an interrogation: is a species suffering from a disadvantage, when endowed with a less good Efficiency Factor Sf than new species in the same niche? (ref 13)

    If the answer is yes, there we hold an acceptable mechanism of the natural selection of the species.

    N. B:

    • As we saw, the acceleration of the Evolution by the Entropic Gravity implies a limited duration of the fertile period of a species; for the majority of them, the life stops before the end of this period or little afterward ; when an individual is supposed to have reproduced and if it survives, the time which is assigned to him is past, probably by the effect of historical clock-genes ; the request for apoptose of a too considerable number of particular cells cannot be satisfied ; the general state of this thermodynamic singularity of low relative internal Entropy is degraded and it disappears quickly. A gene which would prolong the complex homeostasis of a ex-reproducer does a priori not have any chance to be selected, for out of the primary evolutionary cycle ; it may however be probably integrated in the secondary cycle (cf. Hamilton's alleles) and be expressed when the survival of the ex-reproducer is Entropically advantageous for the following generations.

     

    • The more a species is of recent emergence, greater is its Efficiency Factor Sf. Let us not see finality there, no more than finality in the propensity of a mass to reach the Earth center. And humanism is not concerned with a phenomenon, strictly physical too.

     

    • The specialists are reduced to hypothesizing the causes of many species disappearance, such that of the ground dinosaurs or Neanderthals. The coelacanth or the horsetail are always there, but the existence duration of all species, appeared later, is reduced in the direction of the Fuzzy Entropy arrow. One day, will we discover that a gene necessary to the survival of a species suddenly cannot be expressed, that a historical clock-gene stops its expansion, bringing it to the loss of genetic diversity, which condemns it? This ancient assumption, attributed to A. Weismann (?), was not refuted yet.

      • "From now, we know that the belief according to which the complete knowledge of the genome of the man (and other species) would be a decisive key in the comprehension of functioning of the alive is an illusion, facing a world infinitely more complex than imagined still recently". (ref 88 and 126) If the spectacular large dinosaurs are better known, in the same niches smaller dinosaurs coexisted with mammals of equivalent size during millions years. Curiously, only descendants of mammals, and the birds, survived.

      These specialists wonder about the disappearance of the large mammals in North America (ref 117) towards -14 000 years ; in the examined assumptions only the intervention of the man could not be refuted. The hypothesis is also however likely to break down when they will note the disproportion between the territory occupancy by some disseminated tribes and the vastness of the continent. Because it would then be necessary to also assign the man for the disappearance of the Siberian mammoth, adapted perfectly to a territory even vaster and less populated.

      Although they have sure food resources and are protected, the gorillas are in danger of extinction today, as well as the giant panda that would show a worrying lack of desire for sexuality. In other words and like for individuals, would a species have a duration of genetically limited existence, during which Fuzzy Entropy gravity would give it a chance of mutation towards a more Entropy Efficient species?

      Rare events, like giant volcanic eruptions, falls of meteorites, brutal climatic changes or emergence of a too invasive predator may accelerate these programmed species extinctions.

       

    • The Evolution equipped the grampus with an astonishing brain but not with the hand, and equipped the mole with the hand but with a limited brain. Galilean gravity, Entropy gravity and chance gave the primates the complementarity of the brain and the hand ...

     

    • Intelligent Design followers, experts in obvious finality, will have still fine days as long as biology will continue to be unaware of the Evolution dynamics, as long as it will maintain a now difficult position: accumulating successive snapshots, while refusing to see the film and to admit that a model of the scenario is possible.

     

    So, we must try to classify species by their Catalytic Efficiency Factor Sf.

    How to pass from the conjecture of an Entropic Field to the experimental checking? The confirmation will certainly come in continuity from work of Y. Mao and M. A. Lauffer. (to see before)

    Will progress in the study of the genome give us the solution? (ref 131)

     

      Let us resume:

      On a planet where the physicochemical conditions were favourable, Galilean gravity, Entropy Gravity and chance have generated the Life by (at least) four mingled programs that tend towards a more effective Entropy Catalyst:

      • RNA,
      • DNA,
      • the life plan, to discover, of an individual of a species, from its conception to its death,
      • the life plan, to discover, of a species, from its appearance to its disappearance.